profound是什么意思

論文寫作可能是英語精進(jìn)的最難關(guān)之一。要掌握這項(xiàng)高級(jí)寫作技能，需要有完美的英語的語法，精準(zhǔn)的詞匯和對(duì)主題深刻的理解。

另外，論文寫作還是一種專門的文體（正式和專業(yè)性），這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于英語非母語的作者來說可能比較難拿捏（甚至對(duì)英語母語的作者也一樣很難)。

想要提升學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作，其中一個(gè)方法就是學(xué)習(xí)一些有用的固定搭配，這樣一來文章就會(huì)顯得更自信、更專業(yè)，論文的專業(yè)度和正式性恰到好處。

下文我們會(huì)列舉50個(gè)最有用的論文寫作固定搭配，附有定義和例子，全都取材于真實(shí)的學(xué)術(shù)論文。

學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)：將下列固定搭配用到你寫的文章中去。想一想語法上對(duì)不對(duì)？?jī)?nèi)容上說不說得通？把自己寫的句子和下面的例子比較下，看看用得合不合適。

Essential component

- a vital part of something

重要組成部分：某事物的重要部分

- E.g. “We show here that these proteins are an essential component of the cell surface receptor”.

例子：我們這里顯示，這些蛋白質(zhì)是細(xì)胞表面受體的重要組成部分。

Establish a relationship

- to prove or show a link between two things

建立聯(lián)系：證明二者之間有關(guān)系。

- E.g. “Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensive patients”.

例子：我們的目標(biāo)是證明主動(dòng)脈硬化和中風(fēng)死亡在高血壓患者中存在聯(lián)系。

Existing research

- previous academic work on the same subject

現(xiàn)有研究：對(duì)同一問題先前做的研究。

- E.g. “This working paper reviews the existing research evidence about the additional costs or deprivation that disabled people face”.

例子：這篇研究審議了關(guān)于殘疾人面臨的額外開支和貧困狀況的現(xiàn)有研究。

First impression

- initial thought on a subject, priorto any detailed analysis

最初觀點(diǎn)：在任何細(xì)節(jié)分析之前，對(duì)一個(gè)主題的最先的看法。

- E.g. “Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that we were aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim”.

例子：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在波瓦珍的病情，這印證了我們的最初觀點(diǎn)。

Frequently cited

- often quoted or referred to inreference to something

頻頻引用：多次被引用

- E.g. “It should be recognized that other systems are frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature”.

例子：我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到，其他的系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常被引用，尤其在工程學(xué)得文獻(xiàn)中。

Fundamental principle

- principle from which other principles can be derived

基本原理：最最基礎(chǔ)的原理，其他原理從其中得來。

- E.g. “The authors argue forthe restoration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics”.

例子：作者論證指出，醫(yī)學(xué)倫理的基本原理在于對(duì)善心的重建歸位。

General consensus

- the majority opinion on a topic

普遍認(rèn)同：對(duì)此話題的普遍意見

- E.g. “There is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little, if any power as forecasts offuture spot exchange rates”.

例如：大家普遍認(rèn)同，遠(yuǎn)期匯率對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)未來現(xiàn)匯匯率幾乎沒有影響。

Gain insight

- achieve a more profound understanding

獲得真知灼見：得到更深刻的理解

- E.g. “Through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks”.

例如：通過此次對(duì)比，我們希望對(duì)他們進(jìn)行這次實(shí)驗(yàn)有更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。

Hierarchical structure

- a system where elements are subordinate to other elements

階層結(jié)構(gòu)：在系統(tǒng)中一個(gè)要素與另一個(gè)要素呈現(xiàn)下屬關(guān)系。

- E.g. “After reviewing theirtheoretical approach, the authors present four kinds of hierarchical structurein music”.

例如：在探討理論手段后，作者提出了在音樂中有4種階層結(jié)構(gòu)。

Highly controversial

- tending to provoke fierce disagreement

高度爭(zhēng)議：可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的不認(rèn)同

- E.g. “A highly controversial issue in financial economies is whether stocks overreact”.

例如：在金融經(jīng)濟(jì)中有一個(gè)具有高度爭(zhēng)議的話題，就是股票是否反應(yīng)過激。

Immediately apparent

- obvious and clear at that moment

立即顯現(xiàn)：當(dāng)即變得明顯、清晰

- E.g. “The reasons for thisare not immediately apparent and deserve further investigation”.

例如：對(duì)此的理由沒有立刻顯現(xiàn)出來，需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查

Increase the likelihood

- to make more likely orplausible

幾率增加：變得更可能

- E.g. “Numerous high school students engage in behaviours that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes”.

例子：無數(shù)的高中學(xué)生都會(huì)做這些事情，從這四件事中他們死亡的幾率會(huì)增加。

Key element

- a main or fundamental component

重要元素：重要的基礎(chǔ)的組成部分

- E.g. “Provisional restorations represent a key element in the realization of extensive esthetic rehabilitations”.

例子：暫時(shí)修復(fù)代表了大規(guī)模審美的修復(fù)的重要元素。

Largely confined

- focussed in a particular area

主要限于：專注于某一領(lǐng)域

- E.g. “The metabolic syndromeis largely confined to overweight and obese adults”.

例如：代謝綜合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。

Literal interpretation

- a non-metaphorical or figurative reading

字面解釋：沒有隱喻或比喻含義的解釋

- E.g. “In Experiment 2,targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation”.

例如：在實(shí)驗(yàn)2中，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象是詞組，這些詞組可以看作為習(xí)語，也可以只做字面含義解釋。

Major challenge

- a large or fundamental problem

主要困難：很大和根本的問題

- E.g. “Keeping up with the population increase is a major challenge for urban areas”.

例如：城市地區(qū)的主要問題在于很難跟上人口的增長(zhǎng)。

Markedly different

- noticeably distinct

顯著不同：明顯的不同

- E.g. “The spectrum ofpyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedly different from that ofthe pyridinium ion”.

例如：吡啶的光譜與表面的協(xié)調(diào)度和吡啶離子有顯著不同。

Negative connotation

- suggesting something bad orwrong

負(fù)面暗示：暗指不好的意思

- E.g. “The label placebo was avoided because of its negative connotation”.

例子：“安慰劑”這個(gè)標(biāo)牌并未被使用因?yàn)樗胁缓玫暮x。

Newly emerging

- novel or original concept first being introduced

新產(chǎn)生的：新的或者原創(chuàng)的概念

- E.g. “This is a book about anewly emerging area of research in instructional technology”.

例子：這本書是關(guān)于在教育科技研究這個(gè)新興領(lǐng)域的。

Offer insight

- present a deep or original analysis

提出深刻的原創(chuàng)的分析

- E.g. “This study reveals whatthose practices are and may offer insight for how they fit into futureworkplaces”.

例子：這份研究指出這個(gè)方法到底是什么并且對(duì)在未來這些方法應(yīng)用到工作領(lǐng)域作深刻的分析。

Organisational structure

- the way groups are arranged

組織結(jié)構(gòu)：組織是如何安排的

- E.g. “This paper models theinner workings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environmenton the availability of relationship credit to small businesses”.

例子：這篇論文以如下幾方面為模板：關(guān)系型貸款的內(nèi)部運(yùn)作，銀行組織結(jié)構(gòu)的含義，經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的影響沖擊對(duì)于小型企業(yè)貸款關(guān)系的可得性的影響。

Particular emphasis

- stressing one aspect of something

特別強(qiáng)調(diào)：強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的某一方面

- E.g. “The first chapter, areview of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on British experience, has been entirely rewritten”.

例子：第一章審議了在上半個(gè)世紀(jì)流行的主要社會(huì)調(diào)查，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了英國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但這一章已經(jīng)重新改寫過了。

Perceived importance

- the opinion that something is particularly important or relevant

感到某一觀點(diǎn)特別重要和相關(guān)

- E.g. “We examined whetheremployees' perceived importance of the training program would be one variablethat mediates the relationship between training assignment and training motivation”.

例如：我們研究過員工是否感覺培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的重要性，這是協(xié)調(diào)培訓(xùn)作用和培訓(xùn)動(dòng)機(jī)的變量。

Pioneering work

- work which explores previously uncharted territory

創(chuàng)舉：史無前例，探索從未有人的領(lǐng)域

- E.g. “Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that originated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s”.

例如：Has-Paul Schwefel回應(yīng)了對(duì)進(jìn)化計(jì)算這一熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域，該領(lǐng)域有一部分是在二十世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)源的。

Positive feature

- something good

積極特征：好的方面

- E.g. “The great chemicaldiversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihood that avariety of approaches can be made to prevention”.

例如：偉大化學(xué)方面的多樣性是一大積極特征，顯示了各種防治手段可以人為的可能性。

Qualitatively different

- differences relating toquality as opposed to quantity

質(zhì)的不同：質(zhì)量上的不同而非數(shù)量上的不同

- E.g. “Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simpler andomisation of planning decisions”.

例如：目前我們產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的不同的計(jì)劃是基于簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)劃決定的隨機(jī)性

Quantitative study

- a study which focuses on aspectsof quantity

定量研究：一項(xiàng)專注于數(shù)量的研究

- E.g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy”.

- 例如：通過活體組織切片、肺切除手術(shù)和尸檢，定量和定性研究都對(duì)于肺部組織的肺血管進(jìn)行。

Raise a question

- necessitates an obvious enquiry

提出質(zhì)疑：提出一個(gè)明顯而必要的疑問

- E.g. “At the same time, italso raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters”.

例如：同時(shí)，這也對(duì)我們提出了質(zhì)疑，是否單個(gè)的改革可以針對(duì)不同的支持者的對(duì)象。

Rapid expansion

- to grow larger at a fast rate

快速擴(kuò)張：大規(guī)?？焖僭鲩L(zhǎng)

- E.g. “It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution”.

例如：有人提出，快速的擴(kuò)張可能是由人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的，從而引起了居住的不適、壓力譬如污染。

Reach a consensus

- develop a general agreement

達(dá)成共識(shí)

- E.g. “A consensus conferencewas organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols”.

例如：組織召開了一次共識(shí)會(huì)議，會(huì)上評(píng)估了數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)最佳治療方案達(dá)成共識(shí)。

Reciprocal relationship

- benefiting both partiesequally

互惠關(guān)系：雙方受益

- E.g. “The aim of the presentstudy is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment andadolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour”.

例如：當(dāng)前研究的目的是為了探究親子依戀和成人內(nèi)化和外化問題行為的互惠關(guān)系。

Seem plausible

- appear possible or likely

似乎有道理：貌似可行

- E.g. “Again, even though theresults seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory”.

例如：即便結(jié)果似乎有道理，沒有理論就很難解釋。

Specific examples

- focussed examples

特例

- E.g. “The specific examplesused are shown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnostic accuracy”.

例如：我們使用的特例顯示我們對(duì)診斷的精確性有顯著的偏差。

Theoretical approach

- focussing on theories ratherthan practical application

理論研究方法：專注于理論而非實(shí)踐

- E.g. “A new theoreticalapproach to language has emerged in the past 10–15years that allows linguistic observations about form–meaningpairings, known as 'constructions', to be stated directly”.

例如：在過去10-15年間產(chǎn)生了新的研究語言的方法，這種方法允許對(duì)語言的形式（含義配對(duì)）進(jìn)行觀察研究，稱作“結(jié)構(gòu)主義”，如果直接表述的話。

Typical example

- an example which is common orexpected in its outcome

典型例子：一個(gè)普遍而且大致能預(yù)料到的例子。

- E.g. “A typical example wouldbe the design of a trial to evaluate the benefits of specialist stroke units”.

一個(gè)典型例子就是我們進(jìn)行一次試驗(yàn)，評(píng)估專家的卒中單元。

Underlying assumption

- a belief which dictates otherbeliefs

根本的假設(shè)：其他意見基于該假設(shè)

- E.g. “Much of ecological theory is based on the underlying assumption of equilibrium population dynamics”.

例子：大部分的生態(tài)學(xué)理論是基于根本的人口動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的假設(shè)

Universally accepted

- an assumption which is not commonly disputed

公認(rèn)：某假設(shè)是普遍不存在爭(zhēng)議的

- E.g. “The idea of abiological root to human nature was almost universally accepted at the turn of the century”.

例子：人的本質(zhì)是有生物的根性的，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)在世紀(jì)之交時(shí)已經(jīng)普遍公認(rèn)

Vary considerably

- to be widely different in form or features

變化較大：在形式和特點(diǎn)上很不同

- E.g. “The results of these procedures vary considerably among patients”.

例子：各個(gè)病人在這個(gè)手術(shù)上的結(jié)果大相徑庭

Vast majority

- an overwhelming amount

大多數(shù)：絕大多數(shù)

- E.g. “The vast majority of cases occur in developing countries, mainly because of lack of screening”.

例子：絕大多數(shù)的案例發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，原因在于那里沒有篩選機(jī)制。

Well-documented

- evidence from numerous or reliable sources

證據(jù)充分的：證據(jù)從多個(gè)可靠的來源那里得來

- E.g. “Although CNS depressionand analgesia are well documented effects of the cannabinoids, the mechanisms responsible for these and other cannabinoid-induced effects are so far known”.

例子：盡管中樞神經(jīng)抑郁和痛覺消失都可以由大麻產(chǎn)生，這一點(diǎn)證據(jù)充分，但其中的機(jī)制和其他大麻的效力目前我們不得而知。

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